A correction or erratum is published when an article contains an error or omission that affects its accuracy, interpretation, presentation, attribution, or understanding but does not invalidate its principal findings.

The notice will identify the error, present the corrected information, explain whether the findings or conclusions are affected, and link directly to the original article. The original article will remain part of the scholarly record and will be clearly marked as having a published correction.

A publisher correction is issued when an error introduced during copyediting, layout, metadata processing, typesetting, or online publication affects the article title, author information, affiliations, abstract, references, figures, tables, files, or readers’ ability to understand and locate the article.

Minor typographical or formatting errors that do not affect meaning, attribution, discoverability, interpretation, or the scholarly record may be corrected without a separate formal notice. Substantive production errors will be documented through a dated and publicly accessible publisher correction.

An article may be retracted when there is clear evidence that its findings are unreliable because of fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate or redundant publication, serious methodological error, unethical research, manipulated peer review, unauthorized data use, or another substantial breach of publication ethics.

The retraction notice will state the reason for retraction, identify the party requesting or deciding the action, distinguish misconduct from honest error when possible, and indicate whether the authors agree with the decision.

A retracted article will normally remain accessible to preserve the scholarly record. It will be prominently marked as retracted, and its metadata and full text will be permanently linked to the retraction notice.

EMAET may publish an expression of concern when credible questions have been raised about a published article but the available evidence is inconclusive, an institutional investigation is ongoing, the authors’ institution is unable or unwilling to investigate, or the investigation cannot be completed within a reasonable period.

Complete removal of a published article is reserved for exceptional circumstances, including serious legal infringement, unlawful content, substantial privacy or confidentiality violations, defamatory material, court orders, or information that creates a significant risk of harm.

When removal or redaction is necessary, the article’s bibliographic metadata will normally be retained together with a dated public notice explaining why the content has been removed or redacted, unless legal restrictions prevent disclosure of particular details.

Retraction and republication may be considered when an article contains substantial errors but the underlying study remains valid and a fully corrected version can reliably replace the affected publication. The original article, retraction notice, and republished version will be transparently linked.

• The editor will assess the seriousness, credibility, evidence, and scope of the reported problem.
• Authors will normally be given an opportunity to respond and provide supporting evidence or documentation.
• Independent reviewers, research-integrity specialists, ethics committees, institutions, funders, or legal advisers may be consulted when necessary.
• The Editor-in-Chief and publisher will determine the most appropriate, transparent, and proportionate action.
• Every formal correction, expression of concern, retraction, redaction, republication, or removal notice will include its publication date and remain permanently linked to the relevant article.